In the Lake of the Woods: Hypothesis Chapters

This chapter briefly states about the disappearance of Kathy, and what she could have been thinking of when In her â€Å"dermatome† phase. It also briefly outlines possible roads she could have taken, let it be with another man or simply Just fed up of her own life with John. This hypothesis demonstrates how profoundly hurt she was by politics and Johns selfish ways. Hypothesis Chapter 2: In this chapter the truth about John in Vietnam has come out, and Kathy is wondering what is with all of these secrets? And she really is starting to reevaluate their marriage o see if it could work. UT as she keeps thinking she starts to realize that they together for all the wrong reasons. This chapter also indicates the severity of their marriage as In a sense John blackmails Kathy Into not bringing up past events, which then seems to the reader as a way of him standing over her and having power over her. The point of the hypothesis chapter Is to Illustrate key reasons for Kitty's disappea rance and to see how inauthentic their marriage was. Hypothesis Chapter 3: This chapter describes the possibility that Kathy took a boat ride to clear her mind, ND during that ride, hit a sandbar and drowned.This is a key chapter as it hypothesis Kathy taking mental notes of what she felt needed to change, indicating she was ready to reform her relationship with John. Hypothesis Chapter 4: Chapter 18 suggests that Kathy disappearance Is one of human error. By miscalculating her trajectory, Kathy has lost hope of returning In the correct direction. It Is In this chapter that we discover more about Kathy sense of self- reliance as well as her affair with Harmon, her dentist, and the deep-seated guilt she till feels.Hypothesis Chapter 5: Lost within the wilderness, Kathy travels on a boat away from the burning cottage. It is alluded to that she has set â€Å"the fire† alight and left to simply escape the life she has with John. Furthermore, inside the â€Å"glittery' â€Å"lux ury and bliss† of a casino, this chapter conveys Kathy prior experiences with Tony and her innermost feelings at that particular moment In time. It adds to our understanding of John and Kathy relationship, and the depth of Tony's character and attitude. Hypothesis Chapter 6:By illustrating Kitty's personal conflicts, O'Brien explores her potential suicide. This values and â€Å"withheld intimacies†. Within her â€Å"decayed marriage† â€Å"the idea of happiness† is Kathy ultimate desire, as her suicide is expressed to be â€Å"a dark calm† from â€Å"the waning of energy'. Hypothesis Chapter 7: In chapter 27 it is hypothesized that John burnt Kathy with boiling water and then took her out on the boat on the lake and dumped her body in the lake. John then decides to â€Å"Join her for a while† as he feels â€Å"an underwater rush in his ears. He sakes up in bed and reaches â€Å"out for Kathy' but she â€Å"wasn't there. † Hypothesis Chapter 8: In this chapter, it questions all the hypothesis and states that no one â€Å"will ever know. † When John is mentioned, he switches out from John to Sorcerer and then back again. John does not know his true identity and he never did. Paragraph: O'Brien illustrates the inauthentic relationship of John and Kathy through his need for â€Å"absolute, unconditional love†. Their lack of communication led to the couple's mistrust towards each other because â€Å"they never communicated, never made love†.This was due to the fact John â€Å"was a dreamer† and constantly withdrawn from emotional situations. We see actions like these taken by John being attributed to this persona which demonstrates how separated John truly is from his physical presence in the world. His experiences with gliding and the â€Å"sorcerer† identity stay with him just like the mirror and the magic from his childhood and continue to shape his experiences with the world. Just like John's mirrors, Kathy disappearances prove to be her way of escaping the controlling ways of John, as Kathy â€Å"†¦ Get[s] this creepy leaning, like [his] always there†.O'Brien does this as a way of displaying John's uncanny need for affection. When John feels able enough to tell Kathy of his plans for the future, Kathy tells him that his plans feel calculated and manipulative, John is â€Å"assailed by the sudden fear of losing her, of bungling thing. † John still views his relationship as things to be rigged rather than nurtured. This is how he attempts to retain power and control of the situation. Riddled with doubts and insecurities on the outside, strangled with shame and secrets on the inside, John was incapable of expressing himself to others.O'Brien purposely added the scene where Kathy has an abortion as a metaphor for John denying Kathy needs throughout the course of the relationship. This is seen in parallel with John's desire to be something more than he already is; a better lover and a more courageous man. When the illusion is shattered and he has lost everything, including his wife, John actually begins to find some clarity. He realizes that inventing a new self was impossible, that he â€Å"never should have given the bucking show in the first place. †

Health Care Decisions of the Mentally Ill

The mentally ill are an extremely vulnerable group when it comes to receiving adequate health care as well as being â€Å"allowed† to make those critical decisions that affect their lives. Although the perception exists that as a whole the mentally ill are ill equipped if not downright incapable of making those decisions, the reality is not so carved in stone.   The stereotypes of the mentally ill both lessen their ability to â€Å"participate in the management of their illness and achieve desired treatment outcomes,† and â€Å"encourages pessimistic and non-therapeutic attitudes and behaviors among clinicians making them receptive to the requests of their mentally ill patients.† (National 2006 p. 80). The perception is that the mentally ill pose a danger to both themselves and society, therefore need to have all â€Å"important† decisions made for them, just as a child would. The mentally ill are often coerced into making decisions that are neither true to their wishes, or good for their lives. In reality, the majority of the mentally ill are quite capable of making their own health care decisions, and only rarely does their illness affect those decisions, requiring a family member or friend to step forward. Research has shown that the mental health population has â€Å"elevated rates of some disease and health complications from psychiatric medication,† and, in fact tend to die at significantly younger ages than the general population. (Mental 2006 p. 1).   There are, of course, circumstances where intervention by another party becomes a necessity.   In the more severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia or severe bi-polar disease, the ability to make rational decisions can become severely impaired, requiring a guardian ad-litem to make decisions that are in the best interest of the patient. Our current system of HMO’s also put the mentally ill patient at a further disadvantage because â€Å"psychiatric disorders leave people ill-equipped to handle the bureaucratic roadblocks inherent in managed care.† (Perina 2002 p. 1). Because there are no concrete routine blood tests or CAT scans that definitively say that a person is ill, the science is much more subjective, therefore more fraught with stumbling blocks. As stated, in most cases, the mentally ill are still quite able to make their own health care decisions and should be allowed to do so without the stereotypes and hardships to make those decisions more difficult. Works Cited: Mental Health Articles (March 15, 2006). Creative Strategies Improve Medical Care for Mentally Ill. Retrieved May 31, 2006 from: http://www.emaxhealth.com/7/4939.html National Academics Press (2000). Improving the Quality of Health Care for Mental and Substance Abuse Patients. Retrieved May 30, 2006 Perina, Kaja. (Mar/April 2002). Battling for Benefits. Retrieved May 31, 2006         

Accounting For Depreciation In Relation With Fixed Assets - Samples

This reflection essay will be based on my learning experience in relation to the accounting for depreciation in the context of fixed assets. Prior to this assessment, two research proposals have been developed in relation to this topic and with the help of various analyses, it has been evaluated that depreciation is a type of expense for the organization and this should be marked every year in the financial statements. This also helps the company to analyse the current value of the assets along with the rate of depreciation which needs to be imposed (Epstein & McFarlan, 2011). Based on my experience and learning from previous assessments, I learned the significance and the necessity of depreciation in an organization. There are two types of assets current and fixed assets. Current assets are those which can be liquidated within the one year from purchase and fixed assets are those which take more than one year to be liquidated. Amongst the various measures for measuring the value of fixed assets, I have realised that conservative approach will help the organization gain the appropriate results as per the expectations. This approach provides clear and accurate information regarding estimating the value of the fixed assets (Kang & Zhao, 2010). Apart from this, I also learned that these approaches are capable enough to cover all the charges in relation to all types of other expenses which would generate clear outcomes in relation to financial statements. As per my opinion, depreciation is quite a useful thing in estimating the actual life of fixed assets and it leads to increase in the costs of those assets. Fixed assets are long-term tangible properties for organization which helps to generate revenues and to accomplishes the functionalities of organization in an appropriate manner. I realised that the concept of depreciations implemented with the view to increase fixed costs with the view to decrease the profit margin. With the help of depreciation, anticipated fixed costs are increased dramatically and organization could easily determine their profits that will also include the expenses of depreciation (Radu & Marius, 2011). On the basis of topic of the research proposal "accounting for depreciation in relation with fixed assets", I have analysed that various accounting entries need to be made to charge the fixed asset as an expense at the end of its life cycle. With the help of these entries, long time usage of the fixed assets could also be reflected. Depreciation is a charge which is imposed on the fixed asset in order to analyse its expected life. For a period of time, fixed assets could be used along with gradually decreasing its value. Along with this, I also realised that on one side depreciation is being charged to record the expense against fixed asset's cost where, on the other hand, revenues are also recorded which are originated from its utilisation. In my opinion, if whole depreciation has been charged in the first year of purchase of the asset then also revenues would be originated from its usage and those will also be reflected in the financial statements of the organization. As per my lea rning experience, this will create negative impact over the financial performance of the organization because revenues and the expenses will not match for the further time period and it will be against the matching principle. Thus, I have realised that charges of depreciation need to be recorded for all the years in which fixed asset has been used for generating revenues (Christensen & Nikolaev, 2013). While evaluating the previous assessments, I have realised that all these theories and concepts are just theoretical aspects which differs from the actual outcomes. Revenues cannot be generated with one asset irrespective of its nature i.e. current or fixed. Revenues are originated from the production process and this process indulges group of assets. Apart from this, I have also realised that the depreciation is an expense which is being charged against the cost of the asset in relation to the revenues. The same procedure is being followed for several years till the time, value of that particular asset becomes nil. In the absence of depreciation, whole cost of the fixed asset will be charged in the year of its purchase which will lead to decline in the rate of profits for the organization. In the year under which fixed assets have been purchased, profits of the company will be less in comparison to the past years and future years (Giarola, Shah & Bezzo, 2012). Further, in the next y ear, profits will gradually increase which will leads to mismatch concept. For adopting the principle of consistency, it is required to charge the depreciation against the cost of fixed asset in relation to maintaining the appropriate rate of profits and to show growth of the organization. With the help of this theory, organization will be able to attain its desired goals as well as organization will easily be able to attract the public for raising the capital (Kieso, Weygandt & Warfield, 2010). It is necessary to evaluate the factors of depreciation as it plays crucial role in understanding both terms i.e. concept of depreciation and the significance of depreciation.   Along with the factors, measures should also be evaluated which are required for evaluating the rate of depreciation which could provide maximum benefits to the organization. Following factors have been evaluated by me after analysing the above assessments: In my opinion, depreciation is linked to various issues such as it does not relate to the current value of the asset. Depreciation is charged on the past value of the asset in which it has been purchased irrespective of its current value. While making the company’s cash flow and other financial statements, depreciation becomes the major issue. Depreciation cannot be applied to the intangible assets and for amortization is being implemented over these assets with the help of straight-line method (Feng & Figliozzi, 2013). Thus, in my point of view depreciation plays crucial role in terms of maintaining the organizational profitability. Depreciation helps the organization to determine the life of asset and it is charged gradually in respect of its life period. Along with this, depreciation should be charged against the cost of the fixed asset and in the first few years of purchase of the asset, amount of depreciation should be charged more in comparison with the further years (Crosby, Devaney & Nanda, 2016).   Christensen, H.B. and Nikolaev, V.V., 2013. Does fair value accounting for non-financial assets pass the market test?.  Review of Accounting Studies,  18(3), pp.734-775. Crosby, N., Devaney, S. and Nanda, A., 2016. Which factors drive rental depreciation rates for office and industrial properties? Journal of Real Estate Research,  38(3), pp.359-392. Epstein, M.J. and McFarlan, F.W., 2011. Measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of a nonprofit's performance.  Strategic finance,  93(4), pp.27-35. Feng, W. and Figliozzi, M., 2013. An economic and technological analysis of the key factors affecting the competitiveness of electric commercial vehicles: A case study from the USA market.  Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies,  26, pp.135-145. Giarola, S., Shah, N. and Bezzo, F., 2012. A comprehensive approach to the design of ethanol supply chains including carbon trading effects.  Bioresource technology,  107, pp.175-185. Kang, S.H. and Zhao, Y., 2010. Information content and value relevance of depreciation: a cross-industry analysis.  The Accounting Review,  85(1), pp.227-260. Kieso, D.E., Weygandt, J.J. and Warfield, T.D., 2010.  Intermediate accounting: IFRS edition  (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons. Radu, D. and Marius, D., 2011. Issues related to the accounting treatment of the tangible and intangible assets depreciation.  Annals of the University of Oradea: Economic Science,  1(2), pp.498-502. Rambaud, A. and Richard, J., 2015. The â€Å"Triple Depreciation Line† instead of the â€Å"Triple Bottom Line†: towards a genuine integrated reporting.  Critical Perspectives on Accounting,  33, pp.92-116. Warren, C.S. and Jones, J., 2018.  Corporate financial accounting. Cengage Learning.

Nelson Mandela Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nelson Mandela - Research Paper Example ‘Long walk to freedom† is his autobiography in which he explains the hard facts of his life. Tenure of his imprisonment and his personal life style is clear to understand in his book. Hardships and finally the victory and attainment of his aim became known to the world through his autobiography. Mandela’s father was a councilor to tribal chiefs in Transkei. Due to shortage of resources and non-availability of basic facilities, Mandela played games of young boys made of natural materials. He was the first one in his family to attend school. His life was dramatically changed after the death of his father from a disease when he was only 9 (Mandela 37). His circumcision ceremony was held when he was 16 years old. It was a tradition in South Africa as a symbol of manhood. According to rules, a boy cannot have his father’s wealth unless the individual is converted to manhood. Even than the land of his father was in the custody of white people (Bezdrob 78). Mandela joined the university college after completion of basic studies. This was the only institutes for black people to seek higher education. Finally, he was expelled from college for protesting against food and lack of power in student representative council (SRC) (Villa 45). Mandela entered in politics by joining the African national congress in 1942. Mandela joined the group of young Africans during Second World War that was finally converted to African national congress youth league (ANCYL). His dedication and work for racial rights earned him the secretary ship of council in 1947. This movement aimed at complete citizen rights and parliamentary representation of all Africans. ANCYL launched its campaign against unjust laws of 1952 under the directions of Mandela as volunteer in chief. Mandela was trailed for mass involvement in anti government campaigns. After the trails, he was prohibited to attend any gathering and was

Cardiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Cardiology - Essay Example He has shortness of breath, and the test pains are much worse. He is diagnosed with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, a smoker, obese, blood pressure and has uncontrollable diabetes, and can easily be attacked by a cardiovascular attack (MAYO, 2015). The patient needs to change his lifestyle, eat healthy foods with low fats and salts, and beverages with less sugar. He can increase the intake of food and beverages with high calcium, magnesium, protein, and magnesium. Maintaining healthy weight, quitting smoking and exercising not less than 30 minutes a day on most days a week can help prevent cardiovascular diseases. Also manage stress, practice good hygiene and learn how to deal with depression (Jackson, 2009; & CDC, 2013). In conclusion, cardiovascular disease can cause death, and the system needs to be taken care of. Care through exercises, reducing the intake of sugar, salt and fats and change of lifestyle can effectively reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Also, the patient needs to explain in details of his or her illness for the right prescription of medication. In extreme cases, rehabilitation is provided to reduce emotional stress (WHO, 2007). http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions Clinic Staff, M. (2015, January 1). Heart disease. Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/basics/symptoms/con-20034056

East African trade route Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

East African trade route - Essay Example Other effects of the trade routes include a cultural interaction from diverse traditions. The evidence to the effects of the trade routes includes the development of the Swahili culture and language. The historic period dates to the year 600 A.D. This paper will analyze the emergence and growth of the slave trade. The analysis context will entail the associated contribution of the trade routes to the history of Africa. The development of the power states in the East African cost emerged from the conquest of the Nubian population by the Axum kingdom (Shillington 191). The Axum king absorbed Christianity as a religion by converting. A later detest by Islam led to the fall of the Axum kingdom. This change followed by the spread of Islam along the states. A later development consisted of single caravans that supplied raw materials and merchandise to India through the Persian Gulf. As a result, the Portuguese spread Christianity to the African countries through the same trade routes (Gilbert & Jonathan 211). The Portuguese demanded manpower to work in Latin America states. This requirement activated the lucrative slave trade along the East African trade route. The trade attracted other states like the Dutch and the Brutish powers. The two states ventured into the East African route under separate mandates. The East African trade route served as a major operation line for nations from other continents. The water channel provided a direct route of caravans transporting gold from Zimbabwe and slaves from the coastline states. The trade route also served as a reinforcement channel for military expeditions from Goa in India. The British also used the trade route to conquer some of the African states like Kenya. The trade routes enabled the spread of Christianity by the Portuguese into the interior parts of Africa. The water channels aided in the expedition of African formerly referred to as the Dark Continent (Visonà 178). The history

Institutional economics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Institutional economics - Term Paper Example Economics is a part of every aspect of human life, whether it is social, financial, political or institutional. Economics comes under classification into several components, where one of its components focuses on evaluation of institutions’ social and political framework in order to understand their performance that leads to the progress of the nation’s economy (McConnell & Brue, 2007). Institutional economics is the name given to this branch of economics. The aspects of social, political and commercial institutions can come under enlightenment in the context with institutional economics as it integrates the fields of economics, political science, sociology, law, organization theory and anthropology. Due to ever-rising competition in the commercial world, the institutional economics is becoming a source of interest for many because it observes the current market trends, so that they can keep an eye on the institutions and their activities (Groenewegen et al., 2009). The system of economics has many facets, out of which capitalism is one of it. Capitalism is a method in which an individual or a private organization manufactures the products and services with an objective to generate profit. Profit and wages are the two common forms of income in a capitalist system. As different people have different mindsets, therefore, different viewpoints by economist, political economist and historians have come under consideration when capitalism is under allocution. The elements that are the result of the development from capitalist economies include a product, money and labor. A product, commonly known as a commodity, is a good that comes under production for trade in the marketplace. Products are of two types; capital goods and consumer goods. Consumer goods that are the finished product is the result that comes from capital goods, which are the sources such as raw materials, machines, transport means and factories. On the other hand, currency that is the mo de of payment, determines the worth of the goods, which always comes under measurement with a standard set of values and this is worth (Lippit, 2005). The forms of currencies have evolved through years and so has the meaning of producing/making goods. In addition, improvement and advancement in capital has come under a major affection by imposing of taxes, tax collection and the concept of banking. With the advancement of technologies and growing demands of tax payments, economies were becoming multifaceted as it endured the currency to progress and made its role more vital and crucial for the whole world. Regardless of all the factors of the past, the fact still exists, that money emblematizes significance. Through ages, the role of money has not changed and today still, money has the same functionality, but nowadays it not only exemplifies material goods but services are also charged. †Acquiring money is not the same thing as creating value† (Lau, 2000). This statement gives a clear view that money and finished goods are directly proportionate to each other. It means that profit generation cannot always lead to the production of goods in a valuable manner. The best example that explains the statement is currency traders. These people make money by bartering of currencies

Further Exploration assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Further Exploration assignment - Essay Example The Janice and Melwyn, looking back said that they felt each new baby created an increased bond of closeness between them, but then as the kids became older, Melwyn reports feeling that they were often, â€Å"in the way†. As a result, the couple reports that for nearly a decade, they couldn’t remember going on a date, seeing a movie together or taking a trip without the children. This eroded the quality of their marriage and relationship. Stevie and Lucas say that they have felt their love grow for one another as they support each other in caring for a toddler and preparing for an infant. They feel that they have had to change very little so far in their lives because of kids. They never were into partying or going out much before kids and that hasn’t changed. They do miss the quiet that has been lost to the two year-old’s toys and constant talking. They know that crying is soon ahead, as are late night feedings and diapers, but all in all they feel as clo se as they ever have. Janice and Melwyn report that when they had their first child, Janice quit her job as a bank teller to stay home with the children. She had a high school diploma and Melwyn was trained as a machinist. The economy was good, so Melwyn took overtime in order to make-up for the loss of Janice’s income. Janice did not return to the workforce until her youngest child was in 7th grade. She says she didn’t want to work once the kids came along, but admitted that being a housewife was boring and isolating at times. Stevie is going to continue her studies at university through her pregnancy and after the birth of the next child. She is studying elementary education. She feels this would provide good additional income at some point and allow her to have time with her kids. Lucas is an engineer. He is just starting his career and wants to be the sole provider for the family for as long as

Walmart, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Walmart, Inc - Essay Example Once inside, customers are able to easily change the app to store mode from online mode, thus creating room for them to enjoy interactive in-store experiences such as scanning bar codes for pricing and going through Wal-Mart’s interactive in-store circular, which will enable them to keep a record of everything theyve bought thus tracking overall expenditure. This new change adopted by the organization gives customers the ability to switch from online to store mode, giving Wal-Mart app users an opportunity to compare prices with other eTail sites and customers will now be able to purchase out-of-stock items online (Paul, Lori, & Hayagreeva, 2010). Wal-Mart was formed by Sam Walton. It was Sam’s leadership which brought about the rapid growth of Wal-Mart’s success. This colossal achievement was achieved as a result of Sam’s vision that he nurtured to realization by incorporating leadership and management practices that were highly effective. Wal-Mart’s current commitment to valuing people in the entire facet of its leadership, management and culture was cultivated overtime (Wollam, 2009). 3. How would you improve the change leadership process at this organization? Provide your suggestions and recommendations for improvement and explain why they will promote positive change within the organization. Come up with a comprehensive mission statement for the organization’s mission statement with its activities aligned with the organizations vision. For example, Wal-Mart’s primary goal is to offer and deliver high quality goods for all marketing, advertising and research, and development activities should be focused on the quality of goods, modes and speed of delivery. Task forces which bring together the organization’s leadership to discuss strategy should be created. This task force will be working together to come up with short- and long-term road maps for the organization which

Analysis of Boeing Aircraft Companys supply chain management Research Paper

Analysis of Boeing Aircraft Companys supply chain management - Research Paper Example government in 1978 as well as the European Union’s adoption of a mutual airspace, the airline industry has witnessed even worse situations. Recently, a large number of low carriers have penetrated the airline market globally. It is also securing the departure of legacy carriers, which have been regarded as household names for the past few decades (Topham, 2013). In the past three decades, the airline industry has grown at a steady pace, and is forecasted to do so in the coming future. RPK (revenue passenger kilometers), an indicator of a passenger paying for a single kilometer has grown threefold in the last thirty years. Most of the forecasts pertaining to the industry today reveal that both RPK’s as well as revenue ton kilometers, which represents the RPK’s freight version will double from the expected GDP growth of 3 percent (TradeGov, 2009). Presently, the large commercial aircraft (LCA) fleet, which is airplanes having more than 300 seats and over is approximately 16,000 and rising. The anticipated capacity to cope with the growth in traffic by the year 2023 is about 35,000. About 70 percent of these airplanes are nonexistent and will be produced by Boeing, Airbus, as well as other companies in the LCA industry. With respect to the present list prices, the aircrafts will demand additional buildup of assets amounting to approximately $1.6 trillion (TradeGov, 2009) (U.S.InternationalTradeCommission, 2009). This paper will undertake an analysis of the Boeing Aircraft Company based on its supply chain management. The LCA industry serves as the major supplier of assets for the airline industry. The major competitors in this case include Boeing Company and Airbus S.A.S. the two companies are offered support by their respective governments in diverse ways. This situation is indicative of the airline industry’s national flag carriers. The assistance that the government provides to these companies in characteristic of two major factors. Firstly,

Building Brands in Emerging Markets Essay Example for Free

Building Brands in Emerging Markets Essay 1.Briefly State the Main Idea of the Article. The main idea of the article is to explain the entry barriers that new products need to handle in emerging markets that in developed markets. The existence of different kind of channels available to promote their product and expand the awareness. The main three factors discussed in the article are: Word of mouth, in store experience and initial brand consideration. But, there are other factors that also can play a major role in the growth of a product in any market as is the geographical location of the product. In developed countries where access to internet and TV it is not limited, the media marketing plays a big role in the awareness of the product because this might be the first approach to early adapters or new consumers of the product. While in countries where access to internet or a TV is limited, the product only can rely on the Word of Mouth. 2.List Three important Facts That the Author Uses to Support the Main Idea. Word of mouth: This channel it is the most important for a new product in a new market, because it depends of the feedback is given by friends, relatives to the consumer. The in store experience: this is when the consumer has the first interaction with the product and that influences the final decision of the consumer. The initial brand consideration: This factor does not play a big role compared with the other two but is a factor to be taken into consideration for future product in order to expand the awareness of their product. 3.What Information or Ideas Discussed in this Article are Also Discussed in your Textbook, Discussion or Other Readings that You Have Done. Understand the Global Marketing Environment taking into consideration the different stages of the market. The different stages of the market in this article can be described as the low, high, upper level income of the countries where the access to media communication can be a crucial factor in order to expand the awareness of any product. Also, the social and cultural environments play a big role in the marketing plan of a product in emergent and developed markets, understanding these two environments will benefit the product in order to understand how to target a specific group of customers adding value to their needs. 4.List Any Examples of Bias or Faculty Reasoning That You Found in the Article. In my personal opinion I believe that the article does not have any faulty reasoning, I believe they are giving their feedback through their point of view, but I will like to address that most of the times developed countries fail to develop marketing strategies in emerging countries, for example they focus in marketing their product through TV in countries where the abstention to buy new products promoted through TV or web is low, they need to bring new strategy ideas in order to market their product in other countries. 5.List Any New Terms/Concepts That Were Discussed in the Article and Write a Short Definition or Commentary. Word of Mouth: this concept it is not new for me I understand what it means but I think it is a crucial factor in order to buy something new for me. For example when I started with the mountain biking, I was the emergent consumer to the market but thanks to my friends I was able to decide which where the best bicycles for me considering my budget, as well the accessories required helmet, gloves, cleats etc. (this is an opposite example but I think it works to explain that word of mouth is a major player when marketing and expanding products)

Applications of Geographic Information System Essay Example for Free

Applications of Geographic Information System Essay ABSTRACT This paper discusses the application of GIS as a tool in monitoring biodiversity with special reference to Pakistan. The major advantages of satellite data are that the large and inaccessible areas can be covered using a standard approach, with a uniform level of detail and at relatively low coast. Networked information like GIS and Remote sensing not only provides speedy answers to scientific problems and issues, but also broadens planet of possible questions on the conservation and sustainable utilization of biological diversity. Simply we can say that the GIS is associated with two different functions for a geographical perspective on biodiversity data and other environmental issues. (1) It contains a powerful reference base (geographic location), i.e. maps of natural vegetation (endemic, multipurpose, and threatened), soil, land cover, topography, hydrology, bird migration, distribution of fauna and flora, etc. (2) GIS is a powerful and effective way of communicating a large variety of information. In developing countries GIS is used so as to make possible the sustainable development, conservation, management and monitoring of biodiversity. In Pakistan the application of GIS in various fields is still not very common. Talking about its usage for biodiversity conservation, management and monitoring, it is just 5-7 years back. Departments like wildlife department of Sindh, Punjab, Khyber Pakhton Khawa, Baluchistan and Gilgit-Baltistan and various NGOs like IUCN, WWF-P, SUPARCO are using this satellite based technology for conservation, management and monitoring of various ecological characteristics like distribution of flora and fauna, the population and the status of flora and fauna, the health of wetlands, national parks, game reserves and wildlife sanctuaries. In addition to this GIS is also use now a days in Pakistan for land use purposes but this work so far done is not enough to come through the circumstances face by our planet specially the tropical and sub tropical countries like Pakistan. Therefore, in Pakistan there is a need for more comprehensive approaches  that deal with new remote sensing technologies and analysis in a GIS-environment, and that integrate findings collected over longer periods with the aim of prediction. It is also imperative to collect and integrate data from different disciplines. These are essential in the spirit of sustainable development and conservation, management and monitoring of natural resources. Keywords: geographic information system (GIS); biodiversity; monitoring. INTRODUCTION Geographical Information Systems A Geographical Information System (GIS) is a system of hardware, software and procedures to facilitate the conservation, monitoring, management, etc by manipulation, analysis, modeling, representation and display of geo-referenced data to solve complex ecological and environmental problems. GIS functions in a systematic way as: data entry, data display, data management, information retrieval and analysis. The main function of an Information system is to improve one’s ability to make decisions. A geographic information system is an information system that is designed to work with data referenced to spatial or geographic coordinates. GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially referenced data, as well as a set of operation for working with any type of data as well. The three basic types of GIS applications which might also represent stages of development of a single GIS application are as under (Ramachandran, 1993, Ramachandran et.al., 1997, 1998). Inventory Application The first step in developing a GIS application is making an inventory of the features like flora and fauna for a given geographic area. The emphasis at this stage is the updating of simple data retrieval (Ramachandran, 1993, Ramachandran et.al., 1997, 1998). Analysis Application After the inventory stage, complex queries on multiple layers can be performed using spatial and aspatial analysis techniques. Management Application More advanced spatial and modeling techniques are required to support the decisions of managers and policy makers so that they can better monitor the issues. This means that the shifting of emphasis will be from basic geographic data handling to manipulation, analysis and modeling in order to solve real world problems (Ramachandran, 1993, Ramachandran et.al., 1997, 1998). There has been a revolution in the availability of information and in the development and application of tools for managing information during the past 4 to 5 years (Harison 1995). Geographic information system (GIS) is an important tool for monitoring biodiversity, which accommodates large varieties of spatial and aspatial (attribute) data. The information programmed in a GIS is used to target surveys, measurements and monitoring schemes. Various types of data on species and habitat distribution from different dates allow monitoring of the location and the extent of change. A GIS is actually a spatially referenced database that allows multiple layers of data to be created and displayed together as computerized maps. Data sources may includes aerial surveys, satellite data, existing maps, field surveys and expert knowledge. GIS is such an efficient technology that it enables the standard formatting of all maps used, no matter what their source is. The major advantages of satellite data are that large and inaccessible areas can be covered using a standard approach, with a uniform level of detail and at relatively low coast. Biodiversity means the variety of life in this universe and its definition as given by The Convention on Biological Diversity is: â€Å"The variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are apart, this includes diversity within species and of ecosystems. More simply, the biodiversity is the variety of the world’s organisms, including their genetic makeup and the communities they form. Biodiversity is dynamic: the genetic composition of species changes over time in response to natural and human-induced selection  pressures; the occurrence and relative abundance of species in ecological communities changes as a result of ecological and physical factors (Box 2)†. (Elzinga et al. 2001) defined monitoring as, The collection and analysis of repeated observations or measurements to evaluate changes in condition and progress toward meeting a management objective Monitoring is actually the repeated surveys or measurements taken by means of some standardized procedure so that the predetermined objectives or values be analyzed or interpret. Thus, the biodiversity monitoring is the estimation of diversity at any location more than one time so as to draw inference about any change that has occurred or is likely to occur (Wilson et. al 1996). The attributes of biological diversity that can be assessed at each level of ecological organization were identified by (Wilson et.al 1996). The attributes that could be monitored include the identity, distribution, and proportions of each type of habitat, and the distribution of species within those habitats at landscape level and at ecosystem level, richness, evenness, and diversity of species, guilds and communities are important. Abundance, density and biomass of each population may be of interests on species level and at the genetic level, genetic diversity of individual organisms within population is important. It is very important to assess and interpret biodiversity at all these levels of organization by using various approaches at several spatial and temporal scales (Noss and Cooperrider 1994). DISCUSSION GIS plays an important role as a tool for environmental conservation, management and monitoring, with the current greater concern for sustainable use of resources, and conservation, management and monitoring of biodiversity. Simply we can say that the GIS is associated with two different functions for a geographical perspective on biodiversity data and other environmental issues. (1) It contains a powerful reference base (geographic location), i.e. maps of natural vegetation (endemic, multipurpose, and threatened), soil, land cover, topography, hydrology, bird migration, distribution of fauna and flora, etc. (2) GIS is a powerful and effective way of communicating a large variety of information. In developing countries GIS is used so as to make possible the sustainable development, conservation, management and monitoring of biodiversity. These  countries not only hold a large part of universe’s biodiversity (particularly from tropical coastal ecosystems), but they are also the most vulnerable to environmental degradation. Remote sensing studies relevant to the field of sustainable development in tropical developing countries were provided by Calzadilla P ´erez et al. (2002), Dahdouh-Guebas et al. (2002b), De La Ville et al. (2002), Jayatissa et al. (2002), Kairo et al. (2002), Sulong et al. (2002) and Verheyden et al. (2002). Records of species and other ecological characters or habitat can be stored in a database and mapped to show where they occur and this geographic information can be used to target surveys and monitoring schemes (Marqules Austin, 1991). Spatial and aspatial data from different dates allow monitoring of the location of change (where) to be identified and the extent (how much) measured. The aspatial data include tables of measurements, species and habitat, attributes, images, videos, so und, etc while the spatial data include maps, satellite imagery and aerial images. The taxonomic, ecological and cultural variables required for assessment and monitoring of biological diversity and their corresponding information scales were showed by Davis et al. (1990). A GIS-based approach for the analysis of biodiversity was developed by Walker Faith (1993) and according to this approach species lists for different geographic locations with other geographic data describing the locations of nature reserves and geographic variations in environmental conditions were linked. The analysis modeling applied to environmental data are the recent developments in GIS (Aspinall, 1995), notably predicting the distribution of wildlife species under present and changed environmental conditions, understanding the interaction of habitats and other aspects of ecological infrastructure within landscapes, and interpreting and monitoring biodiversity for use in management. Networked information like GIS and Remote sensing not only provides speedy answers to scientific problems, but also broadens the planet of possible questions on the conservation and sustainable utilization of biological diversity (Canhos et al., 1998). The above examples indicates the monitoring assessment of the status and trends in biodiversity using GIS. In Pakistan the application of GIS in various fields is still not very common. Talking about its usage for biodiversity conservation, management  and monitoring, it is just 5-7 years back. Departments like wildlife department of Sindh, Punjab, Khyber Pakhton Khawa, Baluchistan and Gilgit-Baltistan and various NGOs like IUCN, WWF-P, SUPARCO are using this satellite based technology for conservation, management and monitoring of various ecological characteristics like distribution of flora and fauna, the population and the status of flora and fauna, the health of wetlands, national parks, game reserves and wildlife sanctuaries. In addition to this GIS is also use now a days in Pakistan for land use purposes. According to this GIS based studies Garstang et al. (2003) categorized Wetlands of Pakistan into four broader ecological categories i.e., Montane and Alpine region, Semi-arid region, Arid region and coastal region. The Wetlands Survey Programme Section (WSPS) of Pakistan Wetlands Programme is responsible to carryout nation-wide wetlands’ surveys on birds, mammals, fish, micro macro invertebrates, reptiles and amphibians, vegetation, and water quality, therefore, by using GIS all these biodiversity data along with their observers’ details and observation conditions are being maintained in a web-accessible database deployed at National Council for Conservation of Wildlife (NCCW), Islamabad. Pakistan Wetlands Inventory (PWI) data model integrates or collects the Wetlands Survey Programme and Wetlands GIS programme (Qamer, 2007) and the boundaries of all the protected wetlands were mapped into GIS format using government record, field data and GIS maps. CONCLUSION In Pakistan there is a need for more comprehensive approaches that deal with new satellite based programmes like remote sensing technologies and analysis in a GIS-environment, and that integrate findings collected over longer periods with the aim of prediction. It is also imperative to collect and integrate data from different disciplines of biodiversity. This is very essential in the spirit of sustainable development and conservation, management and monitoring of natural resources. In addition to this the use of GIS and other satellite based systems can save our time due to their fast actions and data taken is also considered more authentic and reliable. REFERENCES Boyd, D.S., Foody, G.M. An overview of recent remote sensing and GIS based research in ecological informatics. Ecological Informatics(2010), doi:10.1016/J.ecoinf. 2010.07.007 Qamer, F. M., Saleem, R., Hussain, N., Akram, U. Raza, S. M. (2008). 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Guidelines for Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring for Protected Areas. KMTNC, Kathmandu, Nepal. Zhang, Q.F., Molenaar, M., Tempfli, K., Shi, W., 2005a. Quality assessment for geospatial objects derived from remotely sensed data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 26 (14), 2953_2974. Zhang, Q.F., Pavlic, G., Chen, W.J., Fraser, R., Leblanc, S., Cihlar, J., 2005b. A semiautomatic segmentation procedure for feature extraction in remotely sensed imagery. Computers Geosciences 31 (3), 289_296. Zhang, B.-L., Song, M., Zhou, W.-C., 2005c. Exploration on method of auto classification for main ground objects of Three Gorges Reservoir area. Chinese Geographical Science 15 (2), 157_161. Garstang, R., Omer, S., Ashraf, S., Arshad, M., and Shafiullah, M. (2003). The Protection and Management of Pakistan Wetlands Project, The Pakistan Wetlands Project Document. Calzadilla P ´erez, A., Damen, M.C.J., Geneletti, D. and Hobma, T.W.: 2002, ‘Monitoring a recent delta formation in a tropical coastal wetland using remote sensing and GIS. Case study: Guapo River delta, Laguna de Tacarigua, Venezuela’, in F. Dahdouh-Guebas (ed.), Remote Sensing and GIS in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Environment, Development and Sustainability 4(2), 201–219. De La Ville, N., Chumaceiro Diaz, A. and Ramirez, D.: 2002, ‘Remote sensing and GIS technologies as tools to support sustainable management of areas devastated by landslides’, in F. Dahdouh-Guebas (ed.), Remote Sensing and GIS in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Environment, Development and Sustainability 4(2), 93–112. Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Zetterstr ¨om, T., R ¨onnb ¨ack, P., Troell, M.,Wickramasinghe, A. and Koedam, N.: 2002b, ‘Recent changes in land-use in the Pambala-Chilaw Lagoon complex (Sri Lanka) investigated using remote sensing and GIS: conservation of mangroves vs. development of shrimp farming, in F. Dahdouh- Guebas (ed.), Remote Sensing and GIS in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Environment, Development and Sustainability 4(2), 93–112. . Jayatissa, L.P., Guero, M.C., Hettiarachchi, S. andKoedam, N.: 2002, ‘Changes in vegetation cover and socioeconomic transitions in a coastal lagoon (Kalametiya, Sri Lanka), as observed by teledetection and ground truthing, can be attributed to an upstream irrigation scheme’, in F. Dahdouh-Guebas (ed.), Remote Sensing and GIS in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Environment, Development and Sustainability 4(2), 93–112. Sulong, I., Mohd-Lokman, H., Tarmizi, K. and Ismail, A.: 2002, ‘Mangrove mapping using Landsat imagery and aerial photographs: Kemaman District, Terengganu, Malaysia’, in F. Dahdouh-Guebas (ed.), Remote Sensing and GIS in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Environment, Development and Sustainability 4(2), 93–112. Verheyden, A., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Thomaes, K., De Genst, W., Hettiarachchi, S. and Koedam, N.: 2002, ‘High resolution vegetation data for mangrove research as obtained from aerial photography’, in F. Dahdouh-Guebas (ed.), Remote Sensing and GIS in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Environment, Development and Sustainability 4(2), 113–133. Elzinga, C. L., D. W. Salzer, J. W. Willoughby, and J. P. Gibbs. 2001. Monitoring plant and animal populations. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Abingdon, UK. Ramachandran, S., Devasenapathy, J., Sundramoorthy, S. and Krishnamoorthy, R. (2000a). Satellite Remote Sensing Application in Coastal Zone Management, In: Marine Remote Sensing Applications. Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, pp. 87-90. Ramachandran, S., Ramesh, S. and Krishnamoorthy, R. (2000b). Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Coastal Lagoonal Ecosystem: A Case Study from Pulicat Lake, Southern India, In: Marine Remote Sensing Applications. Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, pp. 333-343. Dev Bahera, M.(1999): Remote sensing and environment. Employment news : 26 th June 2nd July 1999. Hussin. Y.A, Mahfud, M. and Zuhair Michael Weir (1999). Monitoring Mangrove Forests using Remote Sensing and GIS. GIS development proceedings, ACRS. Ramachandran. S, Sundramoorthy, S., Krishnamoorthy, R., Devasenapathy , J. and Thanikachalam, M. (1998). Application of Remote Sensing and GIS to Coastal Wetland Ecology of Tamilnadu and Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands with special reference to Mangroves. Current Science, 75(3) :101-109. Ramachandran. S, Krishnamoorthy, R., Sundramoorthy, S., Parviz, Z.F., Kalyanamuthiah, A. and Dharanirajan, K. (1997). Management of Coastal Environments in Tamilnadu and Andama n Nicobar Islands based on Remote Sensing and GIS approach. MAEER’S MIT, Pune Journal, IV (15 16), Special issue on Coastal Environmental Management, pp. 129-140. Gupta, B.N. and Biswas Sas (1997) : Biodiversity characterization at land scape level using satellite remote sensing. Paper presented in a workshop, Biodiversity characterization using remote sensing project of National Remote sensing agency, Hyderabad, sponsored by department of space and biotechnology, Govt. Of India organized by NRSA at Hyderabad, India. Scott, J.M., Tear, T.H. Davis, F.W. (1996). Gap Analysis: A Landscape Approach to Biodiversity Planning. Maryland, USA, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Harrison, J. (1995). Finding the information Stein, B.A. (1997). Designing information systems to support biodiversity conservation. In: Hawksworth, D.L., Kirk, P.M. Clarke, S.D. (Eds), Biodiversity Information Needs and Options, pp. 5–20. Proceedings of the 1996 International Workshop on Biodiversity Information. CAB International.on. Parks, 5: 12–19. Aspinall, R.J. (1995). Geographic information systems: their use for environmental management and nature conservation. Parks, 5: 20–31. KMTNC/ACAP/BCDP (1994): Final Draft Report. King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation, Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Biodiversity Conservation Data Project. March 1994. Ramachandran. S. (1993). Coastal Zone Information System – Pilot project for Rameswaram area. Report submitted to Department of Ocean Development. Govt. of India, 40 pp. Scott, J.M., Davis, F., Csuti, B., Noss, R., Butterfield, G.C., Anderson, H. Caccio, S., D’Erchia, F., Edwards, T.C., Ulliman, J. Wright, R.G. (1993). Gap analysis: a geographic approach to conservation of biological diversity. Wildlife Monographs, 123: 1–41. Walker, P. Faith, D.P. (1993). Diversity: a software package for sampling phylogenetic and environmental diversity. Division of Wildlife and Ecology. Australia: CSIRO. Wilson, E. O. The Diversity of Life (Norton, New York, 1992). Marqules, C.R. Austin, M.P. (Eds) (1991). Nature conservation: cost effective biological surveys and data analysis. Australia: CSIRO. Davis, F.W., Stoms, D.M., Estes, J.E., Scepan, J. Scott, J.M. (1990). An information systems approach to the preservation of biological diversity. International Journal of Geographic Information Systems, 4: 55–78. Scott, DA (comp) (1989). A Directory of Asian Wetlands. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, United Kingdom. Wilson, E. O. F. M. Peter (Eds.). (1988) Biodiversity. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences Press.

To What Extent was Guatemalas Civil War Caused by US Policy

To What Extent was Guatemalas Civil War Caused by US Policy Spanning decades from the late 1950s to the 1990s, the Civil War in Guatemala represented one of the longest conflicts in Latin America. During this time; over tens of thousands of refugees fled the country; over a million were made homeless as over four hundred indigenous villages were destroyed; and ultimately over two hundred thousand people were killed or have disappeared.[1] The root of this conflict lay in the ridiculously imbalanced distribution of wealth that had existed within Guatemala for centuries. This misdistribution was born out the combination of a revolutionary international atmosphere, alongside years of economic hardship caused by the governing elites. To what extent each of these factors caused the Civil War will be assessed throughout this essay. Predeceasing the Civil War, the Elites possessed the vast majority of the land in Guatemala. As a result, they exercised a significant amount of power and control over the society. To further the abuses in wealth distrib ution, the U.S. owned substantial amounts of land in Guatemala, and viewed the country as pure potential profit[2]. What is so fascinating in my opinion; are the diverse opinions regarding the roots of the issues. Two major narratives emerged as a result from the conflict. The first master narrative tells the tale of the indigenous Mayan population being brutally oppressed over centuries by European and American powers. The continuums of colonial tradition lead to mass abuses of human rights which lead the oppressed population to look towards supporting insurgent groups. This narrative brings to light the voices of the people and state and can be viewed through the vast literature which creates its own Testimonio genre. The second and opposite narrative regards the more recent role that the United States has played in Guatemala. In particular, with regards to the involvement that the CIA had in supporting the Guatemalan government in order to eradicate the leftist forces within the country. Ultimately, the argument stands that the United States was a significant factor in causing the Guatemalan Civil war.   It stands as one of the reasons why Guatemala had such a poor economic infrastructure. Moreover, this infrastructure provided the dissent that led to the creation of insurgent groups which so threatened U.S. political ideology. This threat enabled the U.S. to intervene and turn a civil war into an international conflict. In the context of Latin America, the testimonio was a crucially important form of literature that represented the first master narrative mentioned.   John Beverley in the book The Real Thing: Testimonial Discourse and Latin America describes testimonio as: a noveltold in the first person by a narrative who is also a real protagonist or witness of the event he or she recounts[3]. Testimonios are accounts in which the author uses their experience as an agent of collective memory or identity. Through these first-hand accounts, readers can ascertain a certain truth derived from a situation of oppression that can challenge and even correct so called official history. Beatriz Manz is an example of a testimonio author. Alongside Manz, other famous works of Testimonio surrounding Guatemala exist; the most notable being Me llamo Rigoberta Menchà º y asà ­ me nacià ³ la conciencia. Menchà ºs story narrates the tortures faced by a poor Quichà © peasant family, who had to migrate every ye ar to large coffee plantations in order to survive. The story tells how her family were mistreated; she herself did not attend school, and her brothers died of malnutrition. The main argument Menchà º has is that the economic hardships within the country lead to her gross mistreatment. Following the accusation that her family was involved in the guerrilla movement, one of her brothers was arrested, tortured and killed in 1979; her father was killed by security forces and her mother died after being tortured and raped. Menchà º tells a heart wrenching story that brought the Guatemalan struggle to the forefront of international interests, however it is not without its flaws. One of the central issues with regards to testimonio is the authenticity and veracity of the voice. Sklodowska cautions it would be naive to assume a direct homology between text and history. The discourse of a witness cannot be a reflection of his or her experience, but rather a refraction determined by the vic issitudes of memory, intention, ideology.[4] This is something that American anthropologist David Stoll assesses in his book, Menchà º and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans. Stoll makes the bold statement that the events described in Menchà ºs testament are exaggerated in an effort to amass support for the guerrilla movement. Testimonios represent the fine balance between fiction and history; emotion and fact. In the eyes of Menchà º, the U.S. played a crucial role in promulgating the civil war. Stolls criticisms could be undermined by the fact that his stance is from a Western point of view, which disregards the nature in which history has been testimonial in Mayan culture for centuries .[5] In this sense, Menchà º wasnt attempting to tell a completely accurate story of her family, if not relay the struggles of her people. Her story has since contributed to the greater good by bringing to light the vast abuses of human rights that the Guatemalans faced for decades.[6] This economic hardship that Menchà º describes can be traced back centuries to initial American involvement. Chairman Henry Kissinger oversaw the creation of The Report of the Presidents National Bipartisan Commission on Central America in a hope to establish a consensus for Central American administration.   Described as well-informed laymen who took a six-month odyssey into the terra incognita[7] of Central America; the commission members intricately analyzed the political, economic and social problems of Guatemala. The conclusion was reached that inevitable U.S. intervention was favorable. However, like a Gordian knot, the report never successfully resolved the tension between U.S. security interests in the area and the admitted need for radical change in many Central American societies. I take issue with regards to the vernacular used throughout the report, as the U.S. seems to absolve itself of any responsibility for causing the very problems that the report encompasses, and implies it has moral responsibility to fix these issues. For instance, the report accounts the negative long-lasting Spanish colonial legacy in Central America, yet only briefly describes the significant influence of the United States in the centuries predeceasing the Guatemalan crisis. The semi-feudal system established by Spain over three centuries ago set a precedent for an inability of indigenous peoples to self-govern and integrate into the colonial political system. Whilst this is a valid point for assessing the development of the turmoil within Guatemala, the U.S certainly did not take as much of a back seat as the report would have us believe implementing a passive Good Neighbor Policy which sought to see all neighboring countries stable, orderly and prosperous[8].   Focusing on two instances in the early 20th Century; Colombia and Nicaragua for instance, it becomes evident that America did not take as passive an approach to Latin America as the report would have us believ e.   Active American involvement in Central America can span back to The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 in which America planned to protect Latin American states from European expansionism. Substantiated by the Roosevelt Corollary in 1904, the doctrine created a precedent for the justification of intervention on account of political ideology.[9] The commission report serves as an example of this policy being enacted as it claims that U.S. intervention during the early 20th Century was focused on promoting the stability and solvency of local governments so as to keep other nations out.[10] Intervention in Guatemala, for instance can be seen as pre-emptive interventionalism hoping to fix the wrongdoings in Latin America. In Roosevelts State of Union Address, the use of international police power was therefore excused as a justification for involvement in Latin America.[11] Moreover, Guatemala was of upmost economic importance to the U.S., which historically had wanted to create an economic hegemony in Latin America in order to diminish European Imperial expansion.[12]   This pseudo American Imperialism makes it evident that U.S. expansionism was deeply rooted in a sense of Manifest Destiny.   The Banana Wars that shaped U.S. Foreign Policy towards Latin America and American military involvement across the continent as a whole, stand as symbols of this economic relationship that the U.S hoped to establish. Joseph Freeman and Scott Nearing place American financial imperialism within a Marxist context. The Colombian uprisings against U.S. canal rights in the Panama Canal resulted in American military involvement[13]. This perfectly exemplifies the argument in which military force was used to broker economic expansion. The Panama Canal sets a sinister precedent which would then see future U.S. military involvement in Guatemala decades later. The report was written with a post-Vietnam/post Iraq cynicism, which could result in why rhetoric of a civilising mission was used to justify aggressive exploitative expansionism. The rebellions in Nicaragua stood as inspiration for Guatemalans during the 60s and 70s as they hoped they could utilize similar tactics in order to regain control of their country. Insurgent groups formed in Guatemala as a result, as described by Manz; The growth of social movements in Guatemala took place in the turbulent context of Central America in the late 1970s and early 1980sâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ Social upheavals and indiscriminate repression both were escalating throughout the region.[14] These mounting social problems combined with shrinking political options proved to be a volatile combination that finally erupted into armed confrontation.[15] From the standpoint of the Guatemalans; the Sandinista guerilla movement had proven successful in the catalysis of the Nicaraguan Revolution in 1979. Manz describes the revolutionary atmosphere that surrounded Guatemala, and notes that the Guatemalan insurgents and many supporters thought that if victory had already taken place in Nicaragua and seemed possible in El Salvador, why not in Guatemala?[16] As mentioned, the peak of the Guatemalan civil war occurred at a very similar time to the peak of the Cold War. This meant that the U.S. turned its focus on to its southern neighbors as they turned to communism. The consequences of this meant that ordinary local conflict would soon have an international audience as Guatemala would become another battle ground in the Cold War. Arguably motivated out of fear; the U.S. provided immense military and economic aid to Guatemala; much of the fighting took place at the height of the Cold War and the combatants were well aware of U.S. support for the Guatemalan military.[17] As stated by Kissinger, the U.S. was concerned of the intrusion into Central America by aggressive external powers[18]. The fear that Cuban or Soviet backing would support the insurgent groups, led to the U.S. providing tacit support to the Guatemalan Government. This U.S. support gave the Guatemalan government both a military and political upper hand, whilst intrinsically tying the corrupt ruling elite to external American influence. This cascade of events that followed U.S. intervention in to Guatemala placed the country firmly within a Cold War context; where ideology played a substantial role in rallying support by even the indigenous peoples; who believed they too, were fighting for justice. However, was this intervention completely necessary, and did it exacerbate and prolong the civil war? The report briefly touches on this notion, which a disagreement with regards to the conditionality of U.S. intervention. Should there be a link between U.S. support and improvements in Latin Americas execrable human rights record. Such a notion implies awareness for the deterioration of the human rights that America was c ausing, however, they feared a Marxist-Leninist victory in El Salvador, and therefore this notion was consequently ignored. The report believes that in order to fight an expanding army of communist guerrillas, U.S. must continue to provide support to the armed forces. A peace agreement is long overdue in Guatemala. Following almost three decades of armed conflict and brutal injustice; Guatemala is owed a transformed society with democratic leadership, increased rights for the abused Mayan people, end to the U.S. military backing, constitutional reform, and an improvement of the socio-economic and socio-political issues. Whilst in my opinion, the main forces behind the war in Guatemala were the economic oppression and daily violence which led to the creation of the insurgent groups that so threatened the American political status quo. The economic oppression was inflicted primarily by the governing elite, however, as a sole factor this could not have led to a war of such gross magnitude. America played a significant role. The years of colonial oppression implemented by America into their southern neighbours had an underrated lasting economic consequence. By default, the U.S. had a much larger responsibility in causing the Guatemalan Civil war than is initially apparent. Such destructive and protracted conflict could not have amassed had it not been for the influence of the international community. Guatemala today has still not recovered. The lives of millions have been shattered, and America should be owed a much larger blame than any other country. Bibliography Berryman, P. The Religious Roots of Rebellion, (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1984) Beverley, J., The Real Thing (Our Rigoberta), (Modern Language Quarterly 57:2:1986) CIA The World Factbook, 20 Nov. 2008, Central Intelligence Agency, 1 Dec. 2008 Grandin, G. The Last Colonial Massacre(The University of Chicago Press, 2004) Kissinger, H. The Report of the Presidents National Bipartisan Commission on Central America, (Macmillan, 1984) LeoGrande, W.M, Our own Backyard, The United State in Central America 1977-1992(The University of orth Carolina Press, 1998) Levenson-Estrada, D. Trade Unionists Against Terror (The University of North Carolina Press, 1994) Manz, B. and N. Aryeh, Paradise in Ashes A Guatemalan Journey of Courage, Terror, and Hope, (New York: University of California P, 2004) McClintock, M. Roosevelt, T. Theodore Roosevelts Annual Address to Congress (December 6th 1904) accessed via http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=truedoc=56page=transcript Smith, R. The United States and the Latin American Sphere of Influence, (Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, 1981) [1]CIA The World Factbook Guatemala, CIA The World Factbook, 20 Nov. 2008, Central Intelligence Agency, 1 Dec. 2008 [2] B. Manz; A. Neier, Paradise in Ashes A Guatemalan Journey of Courage, Terror, and Hope, (New York: University of California P, 2004), 16-17. [3], G. M. Gugelberger, T he Real Thing: Testimonial Discourse and Latin America, (Duke University Press, 1996), p.34 [4], G. M. Gugelberger, T he Real Thing: Testimonial Discourse and Latin America, (Duke University Press, 1996), p.34 [5]J. Beverley, The Real Thing (Our Rigoberta), (Modern Language Quarterly 57:2:1986), p.129-235 [7] H. A. Kissinger, The Report of the Presidents National Bipartisan Commission on Central America, (Macmillan, 1984), p.1 [8] H. A Kissinger, The Report of the Presidents National Bipartisan Commission on Central America, (Macmillan, 1984), p.34 [9] J. Monroe, The Monroe Doctrine, December U.S. Department of State. Retrieved November 2, 2011. [10] H. A Kissinger, The Report of the Presidents National Bipartisan Commission on Central America, (Macmillan, 1984), p.34 [11] T. Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelts Annual Address to Congress (December 6th 1904) accessed via http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=truedoc=56page=transcript [12] R. F. Smith,The United States and the Latin American Sphere of Influence, (Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, 1981), p. 10 [13] R. F. Smith,The United States and the Latin American Sphere of Influence, (Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, 1981), p. 10 [14]B. Manz; A. Neier, Paradise in Ashes A Guatemalan Journey of Courage, Terror, and Hope, (New York: University of California P, 2004) p. 96 [15] B. Manz; A. Neier, Paradise in Ashes A Guatemalan Journey of Courage, Terror, and Hope, (New York: University of California P, 2004) p. 46 [16] B. Manz,; A. Neier, , Paradise in Ashes A Guatemalan Journey of Courage, Terror, and Hope, (New York: University of California P, 2004) p. 96 [17] B. Manz; A. Neier, , Paradise in Ashes A Guatemalan Journey of Courage, Terror, and Hope, (New York: University of California P, 2004) p. 224 [18] H. A. Kissinger, The Report of the Presidents National Bipartisan Commission on Central America, (Macmillan, 1984), p.36

Media Does NOT Control Society Essay -- Sociology

Does media control us, or do we control media? "Sex, Lies and Advertising," was an essay written by the founder of Ms. Magazine, Gloria Steinem, explaining the difficulties in interesting advertisers for a women's magazine like hers. She talks about the advertising world seeing women's magazines as only "cash cows" and all the articles are surrounding hair, makeup, nails, or some other superficial thing that relates to Cover Girl, Revlon, Clairol, or Olay. According to Ms. Steinem, what we pick up from the newsstand or have delivered in our mail every month is all "fluff" because of such advertisers. "Oh, women's magazines... everyone knows they're just catalogs" (Steinam 275). In the movie, "How to Lose a Guy in Ten Days" a woman journalist, Andie Anderson, who worked for such an advertiser's dream magazine, and wanted to have the freedom to write about politics and current events and things that were intellectually stimulating and not about hair, nails and makeup. At t he end of the story, she quit because she could not have that freedom because her editor would not allow her to write about anything but their set topics, and now, I see why. In "How to Lose a Guy in Ten Days" we see how such companies are really controlled by the advertisers and the editors of those magazines make sure they stay that way to ensure the life of their magazine. The article "Censorship and Homosexuality in the Media" also deals with advertisers control of magazines, and to the censorship of television, movies, even plays. It comes from the opposite direction though, rather than it being the magazine, or the conservatives screaming for something that wont offend their delicate sensitivities or possible maim Junior for life, it's co... ... McGrath, Charles. "Giving Saturday Morning Some Slack." The Blair Reader. Eds. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. 266-271. National Vanguard Magazine. "Who Rules America?" Jul 2001. 13 Oct 2003. Http://www.stormfront.org/jewish/whorules.html Steinem, Gloria. "Sex, Lies, and Advertising" The Blair Reader. Eds. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. 274-290. Tuttle, Katie. "Television and African Americans." The Blair Reader. Eds. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. 297-303. Wynn, Marie. "Television, the Plug-in Drug." The Blair Reader. Eds. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. 257-266.

Religious Toleration during the Enlightenment Essay -- Enlightenment of

The Enlightenment of the 18th century evolved due to the many changes brought about by the Scientific Revolution. With all of the new scientific discoveries, new thought processes were developed. The scientists of the Scientific Revolution brought about revolutionary change. These scientists inspired the philosophes of the Enlightenment to challenge the ways of the "Old Regime" and question the ideas of the church. Philosophers such as Francois Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke published their controversial ideas and these ideas along with some important political action, helped to mold a new type of society. The new society was one that tolerated different religious beliefs. "The minds of men, abandoning the old disciplines and contentions of theology, turned to what they called "natural philosophy," namely, the faith in individual reason rather than in divine revelation; they welcomed the excitement offered by the ever widening opportunities for discovery and commerce and by the prospect of immeasurable progress owing to the inventions of science and technology and the spread of education."1 Religious toleration during the Age of Enlightenment was ultimately affected by changes in the Roman Catholic Church, the politics of the 18th century, and the philosophy movement. Enlightenment was a term, which was used to describe a new philosophy of life. "It was a time when man, stepping, out of his shackles, began to use his rational facilities †¦ and shoved aside the state and church authorities."2 Individuals began to rely on their own instincts in order to realize that there were certain civil liberties that should be provided to them, that they were not receiving. Religious freedom was one of these civil liberties.... ...f Church and State destroyed many monarchies and permitted democracy. 1 Nicolson, Harold. The Mainstream of the Modern World: The Age of Reason. Edited by John Gunther. (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company Inc.,1961),19. 2 Pacini, David S. The Cunning of the Modern Religious Thought. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press,1987),35. 3 Pacini, 36. 4 Hooker, Richard. "Martin Luther." http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/LUTHER/HTM. (14Feb2000). 5 Nicolson, 40. 6 Pacini, 46. 7 Grell, Peter, Bob Scribner, ed. Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1996),69. 8 Brians, Paul. "Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: The Social Contract (1762)." http://www.sgc.peachnet.edu/users/rreiman/www/time/rousseau.htm (14Feb2000). 9 Brians 10 Brians 11 Grell,167 12 Grell,168

Critique of One Flew Over the Cuckoo?s Nest :: essays research papers

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is hilarious and very enjoyable. It deals with several men patients in a psychiatric ward in Oregon. The majority of the play is extremely funny, however, it does have its serious moments. Its themes and ideas are clearly shown, which may help the viewer in relating it to his/her own life. The actors and actresses did a great job depicting their characters. One of the main characters was Chief Bromden, played by Cliff Williams. He not only a main character, but also the narrator of the play. The actor played him very well because the features of the actor were the same as the character in the play. He was tall and dark, resembling an Indian which chief Bromben really was. He is very paranoid as he tells the story of his life and sanity. He is also constantly being bullied by the assistants that work in the ward. They think he is deaf and dumb; however, he really is not. Towards the end of the play, he becomes stronger and is able to escape from the ward. Another important character is Randle McMurphy, played by Aren Chaisson III. He is loud, obnoxious, rude, and not afraid to tell the entire truth. He also tends to make sexual and degrading comments to women. Throughout the play he tries to make Nurse Ratched lose her temper. He even has a bet going with the rest of the men in the ward as to when she will lose it. The actor truly portrayed McMurphy well. He was loud and annoying. His appearance also seemed like what McMurphy’s probably was. The actor also made it clear to the audience that McMurphy is not actually crazy. Stacy Searle played Nurse Ratched, a very stern and army-like nurse. She appears very cold when she comes into the play, however, she softens up when the rest of the patients come out. She is very controlling and demanding. The actress that played her did a very good job. She was stern and mean, with a soft side too. She also physically looked the part. She was big- boned and big-chested. She had many characteristics of someone in the army. The set/setting was all around what I expected. It represented the play very well. Whenever Chief Bromben would speak to himself, the fog would come out with a red light. This showed that he was thinking to himself.

Did the Liberal Welfare Reforms Lay the Foundations of the Welfare State?

Did the liberal Welfare Reforms lay the foundations of the Welfare State? This essay will assess how far reaching the liberal Welfare Reforms were and how far they can be said to represent the foundations of the Welfare State. The Welfare State is when the Government takes care of the health and well-being of all its citizens from â€Å"cradle to grave†. The liberal Welfare Reforms did represent a move away from â€Å"laissez-faire† towards a programme of social reform. The liberal reforms concentrated on five main groups. These were the young, introducing school meals and medical inspections with the Education Act 1906 and 1907, the old with the Old Age Pensions Act 1908, and the sick who were helped with the first part of the National Health Act 1911. The employed were given compensation for injuries sustained at work with the Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1906 and other things such as an eight hour day for miners due to the Coal Mines Act 1908. A half day off was also given to shop assistants following the Shops Act 1911 and there was a minimum wage for â€Å"sweated industry† workers with the Trade Boards Act of 1909. The unemployed were given help to find work with the Labour Exchanges Act 1909 and unemployment insurance which was brought in with the second part of the National Insurance Act 1911. The first social reforms to be carried out by the Liberals were concerned with children and dealt with the provision of school meals and the medical inspection of all pupils. Now that education was compulsory it was made clear that many children were often coming to school hungry, dirty or suffering from ill health. A study carried out in a poor area of Dundee in 1905 showed that children were significantly underweight and under height when compared with the national average. The report said â€Å"†¦ a large number of children who should be under medical supervision† and â€Å"†¦ they cannot apply their minds to lessons while their stomachs are empty†. The Boer War in 1899 had highlighted the problem that Britain had with the physical condition of its citizens. When recruiting soldiers to fight in the war, the height requirement had to be dropped from 5 feet 6 inches to 5 feet 2 inches so that Britain would have enough soldiers. The leader of the Social Democratic Foundation (SDF) claimed at the time that 50% of the working-class recruits from towns and cities had been unfit to fight due to their poor physical condition. To bring Britain back to a good physical state, the Government decided it was best to start with children and did this with the Education (Provision of Meals) Act, 1906. Much of the credit for this Bill lies outside the Liberal Party. There was a lot of public concern created by reports carried out in the wake of the Boer War. One of these was a report carried out by The Royal Commission of Physical Condition in Scotland and the other was carried out by The Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration. A labour backbencher called William Wilson introduced the school meals proposal which was so popular that the Liberals decided to give it a chance; this was then called the Education (Provision of Meals) Act. The act allowed local authorities to take steps as they saw fit to provide school meals for children either through voluntary work or using the local authority money. Parents were to pay for school meals if they could afford it, however, if they could not the local authority could pay a halfpenny. The number of school meals provided by the Government started at 3 million in 1906 and eventually rose to 14 million in 1914. Within a short period of time a Government funded Welfare system was beginning to replace many of the efforts made by charities. There was still a long way to go though as in 1912, over half of the local authorities had not set up a school meals service. In 1907 there was another Bill passed in order to take care of the health of school pupils. This was the Education (Administrative Provisions) Act which was not popular with the Liberal Government at first as they knew that health inspection in schools would lead to public demand for government funded medical treatment for everyone and the Liberals did not think that they could afford to do this. However, Robert L Morant, the Permanent Secretary of the Education Board during 1906 had been convinced about the need for school medical inspections through contact with a woman called Margaret Macmillan. She said â€Å"for the good of the children and the public, what subjects are taught and how much they are taught do not matter anything like so much nowadays as attention to the physical condition of the scholars†. In 1912 the Board of Education started to give grants to local authorities to set up school clinics to provide all pupils with healthcare. Although this was a huge step towards a Welfare State it was not a foundation as these acts would not have been passed had Elementary education not been made compulsory in previous years. The Old Age Pensions Act in 1908 was the conclusion of over 20 years of debate surrounding the subject of poverty amongst the elderly. Lloyd George the new Chancellor of the Exchequer in April 1908 made it his job to get the Old Age Pensions Bill through the House of Commons and although it passed through the House of Commons with very little opposition. However, the House of Lords was slightly more difficult to tackle as the majority of Lords still believed in â€Å"laissez-faire†. When eventually the Bill passed through all of its stages, it became law in 1908 and came into effect in January 1909. The Act entitled people over the age of 70 to between 1 shilling (5p) a week and 5 shillings (25p) a week of pension. However, this amount of money still fell below what Rowntree considered to be the poverty line by 2 shillings (10p) a week. There were also a few exceptions. Any 70-year-old was entitled to the pension as long as they were British and had been a resident in the UK for over 20 years, they had avoided imprisonment in the past previous 10 years to receiving their pension and they had not regularly avoided work. The Government had miscalculated how many of the public would need a pension as they estimated that there would only be around 500,000 but by 1914 there were 1 million pensioners in Britain. This made the Government very quickly aware of the poverty that the elderly people in the country were facing. Although the Old Age Pensions Act 1908 was a significant step towards the Welfare State, this was not part of the foundations as things such as Friendly Societies had been there before to help the Elderly. The sick created another task for the Liberal Government. On returning from Germany, Lloyd George immediately started work in setting up a way to help people who couldn’t earn money on their own as they suffered from illness. However, he again came up against opposition from friendly societies but also came up against Trade Unions and Doctors. As Lloyd George was Chancellor of the Exchequer he was also very aware of the cost of bringing in National insurance. In order to pay for the National insurance scheme, income tax was made more progressive in that the more money you earned, the more money you paid in tax. Lloyd George had to account for all of this in the 1909 budget, however, this was rejected by the House of Lords and the Parliament Act 1911 had to be passed to limit the power of the Lords. The Peoples Budget was passed in 1910 which meant that the Government now had the money to start its social welfare programme. The health insurance scheme was contained in part 1 of the National Insurance Act 1911, this was a compromised Act and there was a lot of work still to be done to help those at a disadvantage in society. To stop the opposition to the Act from Trade Unions, Lloyd George decided to include them in the system along with Friendly Societies who would help him with his new system. When Lloyd George came out with his proposals, the British Medical Group had very strong objections to them. They did not want what existed between the Doctors and the Friendly Societies on a national scale where the Doctors felt they were being paid too little money to treat working-class patients. When Lloyd George went to meet with the Doctors he had to tell them that Friendly Societies were too powerful for him but offered the Doctors a higher contract fee of 4 shillings (20p) per patient and 2 shillings (10p) to cover any drugs costs, this was much more than the Friendly Societies had been willing to give and therefore, when the Act was passed, many of the poorer Doctors joined and were able to double their income quickly. Although this was a better way of helping the sick, it was not one of the founding principles of the Welfare State as there were Friendly Societies there before who did almost the same thing. Unemployment was still believed to be the fault of the individual who was unemployed up until the 1900s as many people wouldn’t accept that if a worker was unemployed it may be due to circumstances out with their control. The causes of unemployment were hidden by the belief in Samuel Smiles book on ‘Self-help’ which basically said that if a person was unemployed it was there own fault and they had to get themselves out of unemployment by hard work and belief that they could get a job. This was believed for a long time as nobody had accurate information on how bad the problem actually was. Part 2 of the National Insurance Act covered the unemployed. This was a contributory insurance scheme where workers paid 2? d, the employer paid 2? d and the Government paid 3d per week. Insurance was compulsory for trades such as Shipbuilding, building construction and sawmilling as these were seasonal trades which had a repeated pattern of unemployment. Labour Exchanges had two roles, the first was to allow the unemployed to find work and the second was to pay out unemployment benefit to those who were insured. In order to receive unemployment insurance the worker had to go to the Labour Exchanges and register as unemployed, he would then go back there to collect his money. On a weekly basis he would receive 7 shillings (35p) a week for up to 15 weeks of the year. However, if the worker had been dismissed from work following unsatisfactory work or bad conduct then he would not be entitled to any benefit as it was his fault that he was unemployed. Within 2 years of unemployment insurance starting 2. 3 million workers were insured, however, this was still only a small number of the working-class population. Although this was not part of the foundations of the Welfare State as the Conservative Government had passed the Unemployed Workmen’s Act before it left office in 1905, this was seen as a much better way of dealing with the problem of unemployment in Britain. The Liberal Government passed four laws which wanted to improve the conditions of workers. These provided compensation for injuries that happened at work. Shorter hours were given to people who worked in dangerous and difficult jobs such as coal mining. This was a good turning point as miners had been campaigning for this for over 40 years. Minimum wages were given to female workers who were exploited and worked in ‘sweated trades’ such as tailoring, a total of 200,000 workers were affected by The Trade Boards Act of 1909. There was also a half day off and a decent amount of time for meals given to shop assistants who mostly did not have trade unions behind them. The Workmen’s Compensation Act was built on previous Acts of 1897 and 1900, showing that helping the people who were employed had started before the Liberal Government came to power showing that they did not set the foundations of the Welfare State. In conclusion, the Liberal Government did take a lot of steps towards making Britain a Welfare State such as setting up a national insurance system, a pension system for the elderly when they couldn’t work anymore and tried to tackle social issues with Government intervention. However, they did not stop poverty, medical inspections and school meals were not compulsory for local authorities so education was not up to the standard that it should have been, the workhouses were still there although not as widely used and there was no system of family allowance in place. Although some historians think that you can see the origins of the Welfare State in the Liberal Reforms, others believe that the Liberal Reforms failed to deal adequately with the welfare of Britain and were not the origins of the Welfare State. The Liberal Welfare reforms did not lay the foundations of the Welfare State but did improve on measures that were already in place.

The Beat That Stole My Heart

A Personal report by Giuditta Paci. February 2nd, 2013. The Beat That Stole My centerfield It take hold ofms deal whatever liaisons overhear neer happened to me or I am an strange from some other distant planet. military man beings surprise me, profess me cry, make me express joy and make me dexterous. That Saturday night, my alien being went a route the house in desperate anticipate of meaningful paths, beautiful smiles, the sounds of harmony and something that would make my heart beat just a little faster.Summer was almost over and I was thinking intimately how strange was the populace and how could I possibly find someone to sh be some inte peaceing chat and a reliable dance in advance the warm and hazy summer nights go forth turn in to cold and lone(prenominal) winter nights. It is non that I was disjointed hearted by the melodic theme that my patience has f exclusively to its end, and that I whitethorn find to legislate the refinement few weeks of summer query around a possible interpret that will never happen. I looked at the vast starry night-sky and continued to walked towards the Bar. I sat on that point thinking about how I wanted to be another(prenominal) person.I longed for interaction with the opposite sex. Eventu whollyy, I accomplished what my main problem was. I felt that I could not over get laid all the whap obstacles that life had do me character in the past. I recalled everything I have read in books about hit the sack as well as everything that I have experienced myself. In the books everything seemed to be lots beamer and easier. My main ideal was how people washstand possibly give their whole life together and delay in delight? specially after(prenominal) ending a ten category marriage only three months ago, and experiencing the considerable disappointment that love does not last forever.The music started and do me savour charge more stupid standing only at the bar, listening to song s about love and relationships, without anyone here with me to dance or have a meaningful conversation with. I was ready to leave and call it a night. I decided to walk outside to snorkel breather some air originally departing. The summer wind woke me up from my dreaming and I took a deep breath and looked around. Suddenly I saw this showy male. He was walking towards me As there was no one else outside, everyone was inside jump and having a good time or so I thought.He definitely caught my attention. As he was acquire closer I felt a strange brainiac in my stomach I was neuronal and didnt render why. I had never seen this person before and heretofore I felt this strange connection. He came up to me and said, Hi Are you enjoying the music? I replied Well, to be honest with you I wasnt really paying attention. I was getting ready to leave. This made him laugh for some reason. I felt a poker chip irritated as if he had crushed my unity with nature and disturbed my though ts with his carriage and questions.All the sudden I took a good look at him. I hadnt really before. He was relatively tall, olive-drab hair, and deep blue eyes. His smile reminded me of those toothpaste TV commercials. A perfect smile. He had this smooth but primal Aura to him that made him very attractive and sexy. I could not clearly identify the age, but he looked like he was around 30-36 long time old. He seemed so peaceful and yet so full of life and adventure, he was definitely in harmony with himself He had an edgy style. He was dressed fitly for this type of event. He looked very much like a rock star. Which made me even more curious about him, Part of me has always being attracted to that bod of look At that point I wanted to know who he was and where did he come from? I didnt do a great job with that. Anyhow, this is how the rest of our conversation went. Me, I think I should go home. Its the same thing here every Saturday. I love being around people, but its always the same people. Him, Well I guess you are right in a way Although tonight is diverse at least the music is You should come inside and check out the band. You may just change your mind. He looked at me, smiled, and made the gesture to follow him inside. I agreed to go with him to check out this Band. I thought about how mixed bag of him to invite me in, at that moment I realized that we hadnt exchanged name calling yet. I was now following a complete stranger without even perspicacious their name. Thats smart I thought Once inside the venue, he went consecutive on to the stage and sat in front of the drum set. I was shocked. He was the drummer of the band. I have to be honest, I was a little embarrassed with the way I had acted when we were outside.At this point nothing mattered anymore. The music started playing, and I immediately got captivated by their sounds. My mood had completely shifted from a dismay moody bitch to completely happy girl Now I was dancing to his beat. My body was moving along with this erotic and Alternative sound. I remember this might rising thru my spine that made feel alive and aroused. In my mind he was playing for me, or at least thats what It felt like to me. A couple of times I direct my gaze at him. He was so amazingly handsome and talented. I can honestly say I could see his thought.He was in a trance like state, just like Shamans when they chant or drum in ceremonies for people who are looking for a way to furbish up their souls. Now, I was now one of those souls. My soul was not only getting better but my heart was falling in love. It was not only the music or the way he pulsated on the drums. at that place was a connection that I had never felt before. I could not understand at that very moment what was fortuity to me. That night I k bare-assed it was going to be the beginning of a whole new chapter in my life. Maybe after all Those winter nights may not be as cold and long as I thought they would be.